Public undertaking

An undertaking over which the public authorities directly or indirectly exercise dominant influence by virtue of their ownership, financial participation, or the rules which govern it. A dominant influence of public authorities is presumed in particular when they: a)...

Predatory pricing

A (deliberate) strategy, usually by a dominant firm, of driving competitors out of the market by setting prices below production costs. If the predator succeeds in driving existing competitors out of the market and in deterring the future entry of new firms, he can...

Potential competitor

A firm is treated as a potential competitor if there is evidence that this firm could and would be likPely to undertake the necessary additional investments or other necessary switching costs to enter the relevant market in response to a small and permanent increase...

Potential competition

Pressure exercised upon incumbent firms by the possibility that new or existing firms will enter a specific market (seeĀ Potential competitor). New entrants may be attracted by above-normal profits made in this market by incumbent firms, possibly as a result of weak...

Periodic penalty payment

The Commission may, by decision, impose periodic penalty payments in order to compel an undertaking to stop an infringement of competition rules in accordance with an earlier decision. In such a case, a daily amount is fixed which has to be paid for every day the...