by 21st Century Competition | May 8, 2014
Costs faced by a firm that intends to start economic activity in a specific market segment. These costs include, for example, the expen- diture to undertake research and development (R & D) activities, the costs of acquiring production and/or distribution...
by 21st Century Competition | May 8, 2014
Law, ministerial decree, decision or other administrative act adopted by a Member State. A Member State’s omission to act may also constitute a measure. The Commission may start infringement proceedings if State measures, taken in relation to public under- takings and...
by 21st Century Competition | May 8, 2014
Written communication, which the Commission has to address to persons or undertakings before adopting a decision that negatively affects their rights. This obligation of the Commission flows from the addressee’s rights of defence, which require that they be given the...
