by 21st Century Competition | May 7, 2014
Opportunity for parties, to whom the Commission has addressed objections for violation of EU competition law, to make their views known. In order to respect the parties’ right to be heard, the Commission must in its final decisions only deal with objections on which...
by 21st Century Competition | May 7, 2014
Refers to restrictions of competition by agreements or business prac- tices, which are seen by most jurisdictions as being particularly serious and normally do not produce any beneficial effects. They therefore almost always infringe competition law. Under EU law, the...
by 21st Century Competition | May 7, 2014
Free riding occurs when one firm (or individual) benefits from the actions and efforts of another without paying for or sharing the costs. For example, a retail store may initially choose to incur costs of training its staff to demonstrate to potential customers how a...
by 21st Century Competition | May 7, 2014
A special type of agreemeFnt whereby one undertaking (the fran- chiser) grants to the other (the franchisee), in exchange for direct or indirect financial consideration, the right to exploit a package of industrial or intellectual property rights (franchise) for the...
by 21st Century Competition | May 7, 2014
Strategic behaviour by a firm or group of firms to restrict market access possibilities of potential competitors either upstream or downstream. Foreclosure can take different forms, from absolute refusal to deal to more subtle forms of discrimination such as the...
