by 21st Century Competition | May 7, 2014
Europe agreements are bilateral association agreements that have been concluded between the European Communities and their Member States on the one hEand and each of the following countries of central and eastern Europe: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary,...
by 21st Century Competition | May 7, 2014
A facility or infrastructure which is necessary for reaching customers and/or enabling competitors to carry on their business. A facility is essential if its duplication is impossible or extremely difficult due to physical, geographical, legal or economic constraints....
by 21st Century Competition | May 7, 2014
ESA stands for EFTA Surveillance Authority. The authority was estab- lished under an agreement between the EFTA States, which contains basic provisions on the authority’s organisation and lays down its tasks and competencies. The task of the ESA is to ensure, together...
by 21st Century Competition | May 7, 2014
Barriers to entry are factors that prevent or hinder companies from entering a specific market. Entry barriers may result, for instance, from a particular market structure (for example, sunk cost industry, brand loyalty of consumers to existing products) or the...
by 21st Century Competition | May 7, 2014
Contractual agreement in the context of single branding arrangements between a supplier and its customer (for example, a retailer), allowing the latter to purchase a product from other suppliers on more favourable terms, unless the ‘exclusive’ supplier accepts to...
