Europe agreements

Europe agreements are bilateral association agreements that have been concluded between the European Communities and their Member States on the one hEand and each of the following countries of central and eastern Europe: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary,...

European legal instruments

The term European legal instruments refers to the instruments available to the European institutions to carry out their tasks. The instruments listed in Article 288 of the TFEU are: regulations: these are binding in their entirety and directly applicable in all Member...

Exclusionary practice

Practice by a dominant company that tends to impair the opportuni- ties of competitors based on considerations other than competition on the merits. An example would be the decision, by a company dominant on the market for production of a certain product, not to...

Exclusive distribution

A distribution system, in which a company grants exclusive rights on its products or services to another company. The most common forms include single branding and/or exclusive territory rights, whereby a single distributor obtains the right to market a supplier’s...

Exhaustion

Intellectual property rights (IPRs) such as patents and trademarks give the developer certain exclusive rights over the exploitation of his work, such as in production and commerce. However, within the EU, the exclusive right cannot be used to artificially split up...