by 21st Century Competition | May 8, 2014
Law, ministerial decree, decision or other administrative act adopted by a Member State. A Member State’s omission to act may also constitute a measure. The Commission may start infringement proceedings if State measures, taken in relation to public under- takings and...
by 21st Century Competition | May 8, 2014
Costs faced by a firm that intends to start economic activity in a specific market segment. These costs include, for example, the expen- diture to undertake research and development (R & D) activities, the costs of acquiring production and/or distribution...
by 21st Century Competition | May 8, 2014
Side effects of an agreement or a merger between two or several firms, which affect competition between them in another relevant market than the one covered by the agreement or the merger in question. Spillover effects are referred to in Article 2(4) of the merger...
by 21st Century Competition | May 8, 2014
An agreement between undertakings relating to the conditions under which they specialise in the production of a narrow or specific range of goods and/or services. Agreements on specialisation can contribute to improving the production or distribution of goods, because...
by 21st Century Competition | May 8, 2014
This term covers both non-compete obligations and quantity forcing. A non-compete obligation is an obligation or incentive scheme in a supply or distribution agreement which causes the buyer not to manufacture, purchase, sell or resell products which compete with the...
