by 21st Century Competition | May 8, 2014
Side effects of an agreement or a merger between two or several firms, which affect competition between them in another relevant market than the one covered by the agreement or the merger in question. Spillover effects are referred to in Article 2(4) of the merger...
by 21st Century Competition | May 8, 2014
Costs faced by a firm that intends to start economic activity in a specific market segment. These costs include, for example, the expen- diture to undertake research and development (R & D) activities, the costs of acquiring production and/or distribution...
by 21st Century Competition | May 8, 2014
Law, ministerial decree, decision or other administrative act adopted by a Member State. A Member State’s omission to act may also constitute a measure. The Commission may start infringement proceedings if State measures, taken in relation to public under- takings and...
by 21st Century Competition | May 8, 2014
Written communication, which the Commission has to address to persons or undertakings before adopting a decision that negatively affects their rights. This obligation of the Commission flows from the addressee’s rights of defence, which require that they be given the...
by 21st Century Competition | May 8, 2014
Measure of the extent to which products may be seen as inter- changeable from the viewpoint of producers or consumers. A firm’s pricing policy for a specific the possibility to buy another product, which they judge as being equivalent by its nature, use and/or...
